Physics Formula Sheet – Physics Calculations
This is a Physics formula sheet with the list of 150 important physics formulas that will help you to carry out Physics calculations. I have grouped them by topic for clarity:
Mechanics
1. Speed = Distance / Time
2. Velocity = Displacement / Time
3. Acceleration = Change in velocity / Time
4. Force = Mass × Acceleration
5. Weight = Mass × Gravitational acceleration
6. Momentum = Mass × Velocity
7. Impulse = Force × Time
8. Work = Force × Distance × cos(theta)
9. Power = Work / Time
10. Kinetic Energy = 1/2 × Mass × Velocity²
11. Potential Energy = Mass × g × Height
12. Mechanical Energy = Kinetic Energy + Potential Energy
13. Newton’s Second Law: F = dp/dt
14. Centripetal Force = (Mass × Velocity²) / Radius
15. Centripetal Acceleration = Velocity² / Radius
16. Torque = Force × Perpendicular distance
17. Angular Velocity = Angle / Time
18. Angular Acceleration = Change in angular velocity / Time
19. Moment of Inertia (point mass) = Mass × Radius²
20. Rotational Kinetic Energy = 1/2 × I × Angular velocity²
21. Angular Momentum = I × Angular velocity
22. Work-Energy Theorem: Work = Change in Kinetic Energy
23. Escape Velocity = √(2 × g × Radius of Earth)
24. Gravitational Force = G × (m1 × m2) / r²
25. Acceleration due to gravity = GM / r²
Waves and Oscillations
26. Wave speed = Frequency × Wavelength
27. Frequency = 1 / Period
28. Angular frequency = 2π × Frequency
29. Wave number = 2π / Wavelength
30. Speed of sound = √(Elasticity / Density)
31. Snell’s Law: n1 × sin(theta1) = n2 × sin(theta2)
32. Refractive index = Speed of light in vacuum / Speed of light in medium
33. Path difference = mλ (for constructive interference)
34. Path difference = (2m+1)λ/2 (for destructive interference)
35. Intensity ∝ Amplitude²
36. Doppler effect (source moving): f’ = f × (v ± vs) / (v ∓ vo)
37. String fundamental frequency = v / (2L)
38. Pipe fundamental frequency (open): v / (2L)
39. Pipe fundamental frequency (closed): v / (4L)
40. Resonant frequency = 1 / (2π√(LC))
Thermodynamics
41. Heat = Mass × Specific heat × Change in temperature
42. Heat = mL (Latent heat)
43. Work (thermodynamics) = Pressure × Change in volume
44. First Law: ΔU = Q – W
45. Efficiency = Work output / Heat input
46. Carnot efficiency = 1 – (Tc / Th)
47. Ideal Gas Law: PV = nRT
48. Boyle’s Law: P1V1 = P2V2
49. Charles’s Law: V1/T1 = V2/T2
50. Pressure = Force / Area
Electricity and Magnetism
51. Charge = Current × Time
52. Current = Charge / Time
53. Ohm’s Law: V = IR
54. Power = Voltage × Current
55. Resistance = Resistivity × Length / Area
56. Conductance = 1 / Resistance
57. Capacitance = Charge / Voltage
58. Energy stored in capacitor = 1/2 × C × V²
59. Coulomb’s Law: F = k × (q1 × q2) / r²
60. Electric Field = Force / Charge
61. Potential difference = Work / Charge
62. Potential Energy = q × V
63. Gauss’s Law: Φ = q / ε0
64. Magnetic force = q × v × B × sin(theta)
65. Magnetic flux = B × A × cos(theta)
66. Faraday’s Law: EMF = – dΦ/dt
67. Lenz’s Law: Induced EMF opposes change in flux
68. Self-inductance: EMF = –L × di/dt
69. Energy stored in inductor = 1/2 × L × I²
70. Ampere’s Law: ∮B·dl = μ0 × I
Modern Physics
71. Einstein’s mass-energy: E = mc²
72. Planck’s relation: E = h × f
73. Photon momentum = h / λ
74. De Broglie wavelength = h / p
75. Work function = h × f – KE
76. Kinetic Energy (photoelectric) = h × f – Work function
77. Threshold frequency = Work function / h
78. Half-life relation: N = N0 × (1/2)^(t/T½)
79. Activity = λ × N
80. Binding energy = Mass defect × c²
Optics
81. Lens formula: 1/f = 1/v – 1/u
82. Magnification (lens) = v/u
83. Mirror formula: 1/f = 1/v + 1/u
84. Magnification (mirror) = –v/u
85. Refractive index (relative) = sin(i)/sin(r)
86. Critical angle: sin(c) = 1/n
87. Optical power = 100 / f(cm)
88. Resolving power of telescope = D / 1.22λ
89. Angular magnification = Image angle / Object angle
90. Brewster’s angle: tan(iB) = n
Fluid Mechanics
91. Pressure = Force / Area
92. Hydrostatic pressure = ρ × g × h
93. Pascal’s principle: ΔP = ρgh
94. Archimedes’ Principle: Buoyant force = Weight of displaced fluid
95. Continuity equation: A1v1 = A2v2
96. Bernoulli’s equation: P + 1/2 ρv² + ρgh = Constant
97. Flow rate = Area × Velocity
98. Viscous force = η × Area × (dv/dx)
99. Reynolds number = (ρ × v × d) / η
100. Terminal velocity = (2mg) / (ρACd)
Gravitation and Astronomy
101. Orbital speed = √(GM/r)
102. Time period of satellite = 2π√(r³/GM)
103. Escape velocity = √(2GM/R)
104. Kepler’s third law: T² ∝ r³
105. Gravitational potential energy = –GMm/r
106. Gravitational potential = –GM/r
107. g = GM/R²
108. Variation of g with height: g’ = g(1 – 2h/R)
109. Variation of g with depth: g’ = g(1 – d/R)
110. Centrifugal force = mω²r
Electromagnetic Waves
111. Speed of EM wave = 1 / √(μ0ε0)
112. Intensity of wave = Power / Area
113. Poynting vector = E × H
114. Radiation pressure = Intensity / c
115. Energy density = ε0E²/2 + B²/2μ0
Quantum and Nuclear
116. Energy levels of hydrogen = –13.6 eV / n²
117. Radius of nth orbit = n²h² / (4π²me²)
118. Frequency of radiation = ΔE / h
119. Nuclear radius = R0 × A^(1/3)
120. Binding energy per nucleon = Total binding energy / A
121. Mass defect = (Sum of nucleon masses – Actual mass)
122. Nuclear density ≈ Constant
123. Decay constant = 0.693 / Half-life
124. Mean life = 1/λ
125. Q-value of nuclear reaction = (Mass difference) × c²
Electronics
126. Drift velocity = I / (nqA)
127. Mobility = Drift velocity / Electric field
128. Current density = Current / Area
129. Conductivity = 1 / Resistivity
130. Hall voltage = (IB) / (nqd)
131. Gain (amplifier) = Output signal / Input signal
132. Efficiency (transformer) = Output power / Input power
133. Transformer ratio = N2/N1 = V2/V1
134. Cutoff frequency = 1 / (2πRC)
135. Time constant (RC) = R × C
Additional Formulas (General Physics)
136. Density = Mass / Volume
137. Pressure = Force / Area
138. Stress = Force / Area
139. Strain = Change in length / Original length
140. Young’s modulus = Stress / Strain
141. Bulk modulus = –ΔP / (ΔV/V)
142. Shear modulus = Shear stress / Shear strain
143. Elastic potential energy = 1/2 × k × x²
144. Hooke’s Law: F = k × x
145. Surface tension = Force / Length
146. Capillary rise = 2Tcosθ / (ρgr)
147. Energy of simple harmonic oscillator = 1/2 kA²
148. Displacement in SHM = A sin(ωt + φ)
149. Velocity in SHM = Aω cos(ωt + φ)
150. Acceleration in SHM = –Aω² sin(ωt + φ)