How is solar energy converted into electricity

Solar energy is converted into electricity through a process called the photovoltaic (PV) effect or through concentrated solar power (CSP). Both methods harness sunlight but use different approaches to generate electricity. Here’s a detailed explanation of each process: 1. Photovoltaic (PV) Effect: This is the most common method for converting solar energy into electricity, typically using solar panels. How It Works: • Solar Panels: Solar panels are made up of photovoltaic cells, usually composed of silicon. Each PV cell has two layers of semiconductor material, one positively charged (p-type) and the other negatively charged (n-type). • Sunlight Absorption: When sunlight (composed of photons) hits the solar panel, the energy from the photons is absorbed by the PV cells. This energy excites electrons in the silicon cells, knocking them loose from their atoms. • Electric Field Creation: The structure of the PV cell creates an electric field that forces the freed electrons to flow in a specific direction, forming an electric current. • Direct Current (DC): This flow of electrons generates direct current (DC) electricity. However, most homes and businesses use alternating current (AC). • Inverter Conversion: To convert the DC electricity into AC, which is usable in electrical grids and homes, the system uses an inverter. The inverter changes DC to AC so the electricity can power appliances and be fed into the grid. Applications: • Residential and commercial solar panels on rooftops • Solar farms that supply power to the grid • Solar-powered devices like calculators or outdoor lights